Sugar intolerance
Я вчера говорил с. Велел ему сегодня не приходить. Он ничего не сказал о том, что поменялся с тобой дежурством. У Чатрукьяна ком застрял в горле. Он молчал.
The first histamine intoxication was reported in sailors some centuries ago, but it was not until that publications began to describe the relationship between histamine and intoxication symptoms [ 92223 ].
In the s, the WHO recommended using the term histamine poisoning or intoxication, as the condition could be caused by the consumption of other fish species, as well as other foods [ 2 ].
The symptomatology associated with histamine intoxication is closely related to the different physiological actions of histamine in the organism.
Histamine and Other Biogenic Amines in Food. From Scombroid Poisoning to Histamine Intolerance
The main symptoms are neurological, gastrointestinal, dermatological and respiratory, notably rash, erythema, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, a sensation of burning in the mouth, swelling of tongue and face, headache, respiratory distress, palpitations and hypotension [ 41521 ]. Symptoms are generally mild, appearing 30 minutes after ingestion and disappearing within 24 hours [ 41024 ].
On rare occasions, they can be more severe and require medical attention [ 34 ]. The severity or type of reaction depends on the amount of histamine in the plasma.
Millions are affected by lactose intolerance in Hungary | Trademagazin
The similarity between the described symptomatology and that of allergic reactions can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. Intoxication may be distinguished from a food allergy by taking into account the absence of an allergy history and its occurrence in an outbreak involving more than one patient over a short period of time after the consumption of foods with a high histamine load [ 9 ].
For a differential sugar intolerance, the concentration of serum tryptase measured within 1—2 hours of the onset of symptoms can also be helpful. In food allergy, the activity of serum tryptase increases, sugar intolerance in histamine intoxication it should remain within normal physiological values [ 1525 ].
Millions are affected by lactose intolerance in Hungary
Moreover, intoxication may be confirmed by elevated histamine levels in the suspected implicated food [ 1 ]. This disorder is not so widely known as histamine intoxication, since the first reference regarding histaminosis or histamine intolerance dates fromand most of the studies have appeared during the last 15 years [ 28 ]. DAO enzyme deficiency may have a genetic aetiology.
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A significant relationship has been found between lower DAO activity and the presence of different single-nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in the AOC1 gene located on chromosome 7 7q The secretion of DAO may also be inhibited by certain pathologies, especially inflammatory bowel diseases, and also by the action of drugs acetylcysteine, clavulanic acid, metoclopramide, verapamil, etc.
Individuals with histamine intolerance due to DAO deficiency may suffer symptoms similar to those of intoxication, but they appear after a lower histamine intake.
Костяшки его пальцев, всю дорогу судорожно сжимавших руль, побелели. Часы показывали два часа с минутами по местному времени. Возле главного здания аэровокзала Беккер въехал на тротуар и соскочил с мотоцикла, когда тот еще двигался. Машина упала на бок и замерла. На затекших ногах Беккер прошел через вращающуюся дверь.
The diagnosis is based on the presentation of at least two clinical symptoms, which go into remission when a low-histamine diet is adopted always after ruling out positive results for food allergy [ 1942 ]. Individuals with histamine intolerance can also be identified by determining serum DAO activity, although evidence for the usefulness of this analysis is still scarce and inconclusive [ 27sugar intolerance364344 ].
Dose-response data from food histamine are scant [ 24 ]. According to some studies in healthy volunteers, histamine was found to trigger intoxication symptoms at levels of 75— sugar intolerance when administered with food fish or non-alcoholic drinks [ 1 ]. When histamine was administered with alcoholic beverages, levels of 0. Wantke et al.
On the other hand, when mg of histamine was introduced directly into the duodenum not transported by foodsymptoms appeared in patients diagnosed with chronic urticaria but not in healthy volunteers [ 1 ]. The majority of histamine poisoning outbreaks described in the literature occurred after the consumption of high amounts of histamine, mainly in fish [ 1 ].
Due to the lack of consensus to establish a threshold toxic dose for histamine intoxication, some authors have proposed some safe levels [ 34 ]. The same authors, however, pointed out that the accuracy of their calculation was limited by an incomplete understanding sugar intolerance histamine intoxication.
Later, Rauscher-Gabernig et al. A safe level of histamine intake for intolerant individuals is not proposed in any of the studies on this disorder.
The only recommendation available is from EFSA, which carried out a risk assessment of biogenic amine formation in fermented products and concluded that only foods with histamine levels below detectable limits can be considered safe for intolerant patients [ 1 ]. An impaired enzymatic activity may have a genetic explanation or be caused by intestinal pathologies or the action of drugs with an inhibitory effect [ 151920 ].
In this context, the most studied enzyme is DAO. The enhanced sensitivity of women to histamine in certain physiological states, such as in the premenstrual period, is attributed to a reduced DAO activity [ 55 ].
Conversely, an increase in DAO production of up to fold has been reported during pregnancy, accompanied by a remission of certain symptoms related to histamine intolerance [ 56 ].
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Therefore, from the metabolic point of view, there is inter- as well as intra-individual variation in sensitivity. The toxicity of histamine may be enhanced by dietary components, such as other biogenic amines or alcohol.
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Putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine and spermidine are biogenic amines usually found together with histamine in food and likewise are DAO substrates.
